History of Community Schools

Community Education and community development philosophies are foundational to Community Schools. Frank Manley, a Community Schools advocate, wrote "The Community Schools, whatever the differences among them caused by varying economic and social patterns, have a common philosophy. These schools are based upon the democratic ideal of respect for each individual person and his right to participate in the affairs of the community which concern the common good. The program is planned to achieve the active participation of all in solving the problems that exist in the community. Such a program is characterized by change in response to changing needs, continuous experimentation to seek out satisfactory ways of achieving common goals, and careful evaluation of the results of its activities." (Community Schools In Action: The Flint Program, Frank Manley, Bernard Reed, and Robert Burns,1960)

The evolution of community schools in the 1900's has some significant highlights:

• In 1930, a young physical education teacher, Frank Manley, envisioned young people involved in positive activities at the school during after school hours. He advocated that people of all ages could benefit from the school as a continued resource in their lives. The philosophy and spirit of Community Schools was set in motion when Charles Mott, a wealthy industrialist, supported Manley's vision and provided the funds for Manley to turn his dreams into reality.
• In 1960, Paulo Freire, a young educator from Brazil, advocated that education had a dynamic link to social issues such as adult literacy, poverty, health and political exclusion. Through his publication, Theories of Popular Education, he challenged educators and others to alter their approaches and to support community development, social empowerment and self-determination in their communities and schools.
• During the 1960's many schools in North America responded to Freire's challenge and the philosophy of Community Education evolved further.
• In 1966 the first Community School in Canada was established at Flemington Road Community School in North York, Toronto. During the 1970's several community schools were established in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario.

• Forging Partnerships, Opening Doors (2009)
• Forging Partnerships, Opening Doors Executive Summary (2009)
• Community Schools in Saskatchewan: A Research Project (March, 2008)
• Community Schools Data Collection Project Provincial Report (July 2005)
• Empowering High Schools As Communities of Learning and Support (November 2004)
• Aboriginal Elders and Community Workers in Schools: A Guide for School Divisions and Their Partners (March 2001).  This guide is a compilation of information and suggestions from school division personnel throughout Saskatchewan who have initiatives involving Aboriginal Elders and Community Workers. It provides background information and program summaries as well as suggestions for planning and implementation of a program. The guide also outlines traditional Aboriginal ceremonies and activities, and provides information on the role of the Elder, Aboriginal community worker and other Aboriginal resource people.